Influence of Transformational Leadership on Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Organizational Task Performance Cross Level Analysis on Micro Small and Medium Enterprises in Indonesia: Acces la Success

In industry 4.0, individual behavior in organization is still very much considered as the main determinant of organizational performance. Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is one of the unique behavior of individuals affecting the effectivity of the organization. This study focuses on organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) based on the aspects of antecedents and their consequences. This study aims at examining (1) the indirect influence of transformational leadership on individual performance through organizational citizenship behavior motivation (OCBM) and OCB, (2) the direct influence of OCB on individual performance and organizational performance, (3) the direct influence of OCB for individual performance and organizational performance. This study was conducted to 66 heads of small business and 410 employee at small business in West Sumatera and analyzed using cross level methods and hypothesis testing using hierarchical linear modeling (HLM). This study found that 1). OCBM and OCB simultaneously mediate the relation between transformational leadership with individual performance and also have role in elevating the individual performance, 2) individual performance is the mediator between OCBM with organizational performance and it contributes in elevating the organizational performance. The theoretical and practical implications of this study are the tranformational leadership (TL) is able to motivate the members to carry out OCB actively in organizations. Some limitations and future research directions are discussed.

miRNAs, from Evolutionary Junk to Possible Prognostic Markers and Therapeutic Targets in COVID-19.

The COVID-19 pandemic has been a public health issue around the world in the last few years. Currently, there is no specific antiviral treatment to fight the disease. Thus, it is essential to highlight possible prognostic predictors that could identify patients with a high risk of developing complications. Within this framework, miRNA biomolecules play a vital role in the genetic regulation of various genes, principally, those related to the pathophysiology of the disease. Here, we review the interaction of host and viral microRNAs with molecular and cellular elements that could potentiate the main pulmonary, cardiac, renal, circulatory, and neuronal complications in COVID-19 patients. miR-26a, miR-29b, miR-21, miR-372, and miR-2392, among others, have been associated with exacerbation of the inflammatory process, increasing the risk of a cytokine storm. In addition, increased expression of miR-15b, -199a, and -491 are related to the prognosis of the disease, and miR-192 and miR-323a were identified as clinical predictors of mortality in patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Finally, we address miR-29, miR-122, miR-155, and miR-200, among others, as possible therapeutic targets. However, more studies are required to confirm these findings.

Intradialityc hypotension in intermittent and prolonged Kidney Replacement Therapies in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome due to COVID-19

Background: Intradialytic hypotension (IH) is a relatively common complication in patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) who undergoes Kidney Replacement Therapy (KRT) and it could be the potential factor for non-recovery due to ischemic events. It is known that high ultrafiltration rate (UFR) is associated with worse outcomes, a recent recommendation to limit UFR to less than 13 ml/hr/kg has been widely accepted among nephrologists. Continuous kidney replacement therapy (CKRT) is the modality of choice in critically ill patients with hemodynamic instability;however, during COVID 19 pandemic a shortage of resources was evident and other modalities such as sustained low-efficiency dialysis was used in this population. As of today, there is not a universally accepted definition of IH, accordingly a safe UFR goal in critically ill patients it is still unknown in the different KRT modalities. The aim of this study was to analyze the differences in demographical, clinical and KRT prescriptions among critically ill patients with AKI related COVID-19 who developed intradialytic hypotension. Method(s): A prospective, observational, single-center study was performed between April 2020 and December 2021. Critically ill patients with COVID-19 and AKI who required KRT were included. Blood and dialysate flow rates, dialysate temperature, dialysate sodium, bicarbonate and potassium prescriptions were recorded. Body weight and height were obtained from the medical records. Body mass index (BMI) were calculated and interpretated according to WHO recommendations. Ideal body weight (IBW) was calculated using Hamwi equations. Intradialytic hypotension was defined as KDOQI;drop in SBP >= 20mmHg drop in SBP or > 10mmHg in MAP. Result(s): Two hundred sixty-three patients were included in the study, the majority were male, the average age was 60 years and a third of the population was diabetic. A total of 1,942 sessions were prescribed (289 hemodiafiltration (HDF), 1,455 intermittent hemodialysis (IHD), 198 prolonged intermittent renal replacement therapy (PIRRT)). Development of hypotension were reported in 1,059 sessions (55%). No differences between all modalities of KRT were observed HDF 15% vs 15%, IHD 74% vs 76% and PIRRT 11% vs 9% respectively for hypotension or non-hypotension groups (p = 0.27). Differences were statistically significant for sex (p=<0.001), age (p=0.054), UFR prescription (p=<0.001), norepinephrine use (p=<0.001) and dialysate bicarbonate (p=0.001). Age, gender male, and norepinephrine doses were independently associated with the development of hypotension in multivariate logistic regression. Linear regression for norepinephrine and development of hypotension beta0.61 (95% CI 0.38-0.85, p<0.001). Conclusion(s): In our study, the prevalence of intradialytic hypotension was greater than reported in literature probably associated with an exaggerated inflammatory response and need for mechanical ventilation. KRT modality and UFR were not associated with development IDH, however the main risk factor associated was norepinephrine initial dose. Further prospective studies are needed for assessment of a safe ultrafiltration rate in critically-ill patients.

Cognitive Impairment after Post-Acute COVID-19 Infection: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

The present study aims to provide a critical overview of the literature on the relationships between post-acute COVID-19 infection and cognitive impairment, highlighting the limitations and confounding factors. A systematic search of articles published from 1 January 2020 to 1 July 2022 was performed in PubMed/Medline. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Only studies using validated instruments for the assessment of cognitive impairment were included. Out of 5515 screened records, 72 studies met the inclusion criteria. The available evidence revealed the presence of impairment in executive functions, speed of processing, attention and memory in subjects recovered from COVID-19. However, several limitations of the literature reviewed should be highlighted: most studies were performed on small samples, not stratified by severity of disease and age, used as a cross-sectional or a short-term longitudinal design and provided a limited assessment of the different cognitive domains. Few studies investigated the neurobiological correlates of cognitive deficits in individuals recovered from COVID-19. Further studies with an adequate methodological design are needed for an in-depth characterization of cognitive impairment in individuals recovered from COVID-19.

Experience of the medical personnel of a peruvian public hospital in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. / Experiencia del personal médico de un hospital público peruano frente a la pandemia por COVID-19.

The arrival of the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has challenged and exposed the precarization of health systems in the face of pandemic diseases. Medical personnel has demonstrated their commitment to service and workforce force, despite having inadequate medical equipment, supplies, hospital beds, and personnel, not to mention the risk of being victims of this disease. With this article, we aim to share the experience and capabilities of the medical staff to overcome adversities: their resilience and resourcefulness in the face of traumatic situations, and using and modifying any available equipment in the absence of mechanical ventilators to mitigate the progression of the disease.

La llegada de la enfermedad por el nuevo coronavirus (COVID-19) ha desafiado todos los sistemas de salud y puso en evidencia el precario sistema sanitario frente a enfermedades pandémicas. A pesar de esto, el personal médico ha demostrado la vocación de servicio y la fuerza laboral, aunque trabaje con insumos insuficientes, equipos médicos inadecuados, falta de camas de hospitalización, falta de personal y algunos fallezcan víctimas de esta enfermedad. Con este artículo pretendemos difundir las experiencias y la capacidad del personal médico para vencer estas adversidades, la adaptación positiva a estas situaciones traumáticas, utilizar y modificar todas las herramientas disponibles ante la falta de ventiladores mecánicos que lograron mitigar la progresión de la enfermedad.

Corona was scary, lockdown was worse: A mixed-methods study of community perceptions on COVID-19 from urban informal settlements of Mumbai.

The COVID-19 pandemic has magnified the multiple vulnerabilities of people living in urban informal settlements globally. To bring community voices from such settlements to the center of COVID-19 response strategies, we undertook a study in the urban informal settlements of Dharavi, Mumbai, from September 2020-April 2021. In this study, we have examined the awareness, attitudes, reported practices, and some broader experiences of the community in Dharavi with respect to COVID-19. We have used a mixed-methods approach, that included a cross-sectional survey of 468 people, and in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with 49 people living in this area. Data was collected via a mix of phone and face-to-face interviews. We have presented here the descriptive statistics from the survey and the key themes that emerged from our qualitative data. People reported high levels of knowledge about COVID-19, with television (90%), family and friends (56%), and social media (47%) being the main sources of information. The knowledge people had, however, was not free of misconceptions and fear; people were scared of being forcefully quarantined and dying alone during the early days of COVID-19. These fears had negative repercussions in the form of patient-related stigma and hesitancy in seeking healthcare. A year into the pandemic, however, people reported a shift in attitudes from 'extreme fear to low fear' (67% reported perceiving low/no COVID risk in October 2020), contributing to a general laxity in following COVID-appropriate behaviors. Currently, the community is immensely concerned about the revival of livelihoods, that have been adversely impacted due to the lockdown in 2020 as well as the continued 'othering' of Dharavi for being a COVID hotspot. These findings suggest that urban informal settlements like Dharavi need community-level messaging that counters misinformation and denial of the outbreak; local reinforcement of COVID-appropriate behaviours; and long-term social protection measures.

Clinicopathologic characteristics of severe COVID-19 patients in Mexico City: A post-mortem analysis using a minimally invasive autopsy approach.

OBJECTIVE: Describe the histological findings of minimally ultrasound-guided invasive autopsies in deceased patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 and compare the diagnostic yield with open autopsies. DESIGN: Observational post-mortem cohort study. Minimally invasive ultrasound-guided autopsies were performed in fourteen deceased patients with a confirmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. Histological and clinical findings of lung, kidney, and liver tissue are described and contrasted with those previously reported in the literature. SETTING: Single-center COVID-19 reference center in Mexico City. RESULTS: Fourteen minimally invasive autopsies revealed a gross correlation with open autopsies reports: 1) Lung histology was characterized mainly by early diffuse alveolar damage (12/13). Despite low lung compliances and prolonged mechanical ventilation, the fibrotic phase was rarely observed (2/13). 2) Kidney histopathology demonstrated acute tubular injury (12/13), interstitial nephritis (11/13), and glomerulitis (11/13) as the predominant features 3) Liver histology was characterized by neutrophilic inflammation in all of the cases, as well as hepatic necrosis (8/14) despite minimal alterations in liver function testing. Hepatic steatosis was observed in most cases (12/14). SARS-CoV-2 positivity was widely observed throughout the immunohistochemical analysis. However, endothelitis and micro thrombosis, two of the hallmark features of the disease, were not observed. CONCLUSION: Our data represents the largest minimally invasive, ultrasound-guided autopsy report. We demonstrate a gross histological correlation with large open autopsy cohorts. However, this approach might overlook major histologic features of the disease, such as endothelitis and micro-thrombosis. Whether this represents sampling bias is unclear.

Immunothrombosis in COVID-19: Implications of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps.

SARS-CoV-2 is a member of the family of coronaviruses associated with severe outbreaks of respiratory diseases in recent decades and is the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic. The recognition by and activation of the innate immune response recruits neutrophils, which, through their different mechanisms of action, form extracellular neutrophil traps, playing a role in infection control and trapping viral, bacterial, and fungal etiological agents. However, in patients with COVID-19, activation at the vascular level, combined with other cells and inflammatory mediators, leads to thrombotic events and disseminated intravascular coagulation, thus leading to a series of clinical manifestations in cerebrovascular, cardiac, pulmonary, and kidney disease while promoting severe disease and mortality. Previous studies of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 have shown that elevated levels of markers specific for NETs, such as free DNA, MPO, and H3Cit, are strongly associated with the total neutrophil count; with acute phase reactants that include CRP, D-dimer, lactate dehydrogenase, and interleukin secretion; and with an increased risk of severe COVID-19. This study analyzed the interactions between NETs and the activation pathways involved in immunothrombotic processes in patients with COVID-19.

Immunity, inflammation and thrombosis. Trying to understand the infection due to COVID-19

The disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 was first reported on December 2019 and ultimately declared as a pandemic in March 2020. Since then, there has been a lot of information released about the possible mechanisms associated with disease in COVID-19. Several components have been proposed, such as direct viral cytophatic injury, disregulated activation of the immune system and coagulation pathways. These events ultimately lead to multiple organ failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Based on reports of large series of patients with the disease it has been shown that certain biomarkers (e.g. ferritin, D-dimer, IL-6, etc.) correlate with disease severity and outcomes. A review of the main biomarkers and their pathophysiology are reviewed in this article. © 2020 Comunicaciones Cientificas Mexicanas S.A. de C.V.. All rights reserved.

Consideraciones anestésicas en pacientes con COVID-19 sometidos a traqueostomía: reporte de caso

At the end of 2019, the virus causing the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was identified in Wuhan, China, wich has affected more than 1.5 million people worldwide. The easy transmission by aerosols and direct contact, represents a challenge for personnel who manipulate the airway of these patients. We present the case of a 33-yearold woman diagnosed with COVID-19 pneumonia, under prolonged intubation scheduled for tracheostomy. The aim of this report is to review the anesthetic considerations during this procedure in this group of patients, in order to reduce the risk of contagion in health personnel. (English) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] A finales de 2019 se identificó en Wuhan, una provincia de China, el virus causante de la enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19), el cual ha afectado a más de 1.5 millones de personas en todo el mundo. La fácil transmisión por aerosoles y contacto directo representa un reto para el personal que manipula la vía aérea de estos pacientes. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 33 años con diagnóstico de neumonía por COVID-19, a quien se realizó una traqueostomía percutánea por intubación prolongada. El objetivo de esta publicación es revisar las consideraciones anestésicas durante este procedimiento en este grupo de pacientes para lograr disminuir el riesgo de contagio en el personal de salud. (Spanish) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Anestesiologia is the property of Colegio Mexicano de Anestesiologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Special Report on the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Clinical EEG and Research and Consensus Recommendations for the Safe Use of EEG.

INTRODUCTION: The global COVID-19 pandemic has affected the economy, daily life, and mental/physical health. The latter includes the use of electroencephalography (EEG) in clinical practice and research. We report a survey of the impact of COVID-19 on the use of clinical EEG in practice and research in several countries, and the recommendations of an international panel of experts for the safe application of EEG during and after this pandemic. METHODS: Fifteen clinicians from 8 different countries and 25 researchers from 13 different countries reported the impact of COVID-19 on their EEG activities, the procedures implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and precautions planned or already implemented during the reopening of EEG activities. RESULTS: Of the 15 clinical centers responding, 11 reported a total stoppage of all EEG activities, while 4 reduced the number of tests per day. In research settings, all 25 laboratories reported a complete stoppage of activity, with 7 laboratories reopening to some extent since initial closure. In both settings, recommended precautions for restarting or continuing EEG recording included strict hygienic rules, social distance, and assessment for infection symptoms among staff and patients/participants. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic interfered with the use of EEG recordings in clinical practice and even more in clinical research. We suggest updated best practices to allow safe EEG recordings in both research and clinical settings. The continued use of EEG is important in those with psychiatric diseases, particularly in times of social alarm such as the COVID-19 pandemic.